Translations:Commons:Freedom of panorama/Europe/2/mk

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COM:FOP Austria

Австрија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Albania

Албанија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Andorra

Андора

 Не е во ред Andorra's 1999 copyright law includes buildings and sculptures and fine arts works among the works subject to rights of copyright.^{[1999 Art. 2]}

There is no "freedom of panorama" exception.^{[1999 Art. 11]}

Note: "Copyright protection expires 70 years after the death of the original author (who is defined as the creator or designer) here. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 71st Year), freely licensed images of the author's 3D works such as sculptures, buildings, bridges or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for states with no formal FOP since the author's works are now copyright free."

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COM:FOP Belgium

Белгија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Belarus

Белорусија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Bosnia and Herzegovina

Босна и Херцеговина

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Bulgaria

Бугарија

 Не е во ред, non-commercial uses only of images of permanent works in public spaces. {{NoFoP-Bulgaria}}. Under the Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights (as amended up to 2011):

• Art. 24. (amend. - SG 77/02, in force from 01.01.2003) (1) Without consent of the owner of the copyright and without payment of compensation shall be permissible:
  • 7. use of works, permanently exhibited at streets, squares and other public places without mechanical contact copying, as well as wireless broadcasting or transmitting by cable or other technical device, if done with informatory or other non-commercial purpose.^{[2011 Article 24(7)]}

Notes:

1. Please tag Bulgarian no-FoP deletion requests: <noinclude>[[Category:Bulgarian FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>
2. "Copyright protection expires 70 years after the death of the original author (who is defined as the creator or designer) here. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 71st year), freely licensed images of the author's 3D works such as sculptures, buildings, bridges or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for states with no formal FOP since the author's works are now copyright free."

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COM:FOP Vatican state

Template:Vatican state

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COM:FOP Germany

Германија

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COM:FOP Greece

Грција

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COM:FOP Guernsey

Гернзи

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COM:FOP Denmark

Данска

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP European Union

Европска Унија

There is a European Parliament directive on the harmonisation of the copyright law 2001/29/EC which asserts in article 5 section 3 letter h that the copyright law of the member states may restrict the copyright rights for sculptures and buildings exposed in public places:

"Member States may provide for exceptions or limitations to the rights provided for in Articles 2 and 3 in the following cases: (...) (h) use of works, such as works of architecture or sculpture, made to be located permanently in public places".

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COM:FOP Estonia

Естонија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Ireland

Ирска

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Iceland

Исланд

 Не е во ред {{NoFoP-Iceland}}

In regard to the freedom of panorama, the unofficial translation of Article 16 reads:

• Photographs may be taken and presented of buildings, as well as works of art, which have been situated permanently out-of-doors in a public location. Should a building, which enjoys protection under the rules concerning works of architecture, or a work of art as previously referred to, comprise the principal motif in a photograph which is exploited for marketing purposes, the author shall be entitled to remuneration, unless the pictures are intended for use by a newspaper or in television broadcasting."^{[73/1972-2018 Art.16]}

In essence, Icelandic "freedom of panorama" images are free only for non-commercial uses. Overview photos in which no single copyrighted work is the main subject of the image should be fine.

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COM:FOP Italy

Италија

Pictures from public places don't formally enjoy any exception in Italian copyright law. Objects still under copyright only allow "quotation right" ^{[633/1941 art. 70]} and a minimal and never implemented "fair use" ^{[633/1941 art. 70 c. 1-bis]}. Some objects are even subject to additional non-copyright restrictions (see below).

•  Не е во ред {{NoFoP-Italy}}

According to the discussion at Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/10#Italy FOP again and artwork copyrights supposedly held by city councils of Italy, buildings and monuments commissioned and paid for by the Italian state (including regions, cities etc.) are also official works (government works), and the copyright in these cases (20 years from publication) is held by the state or its respective subdivision. This interpretation is backed up by legal guides and verdicts by italian courts.

However, objects in public places can still be exempt from copyright for other reasons:

• Во ред for objects that are not creative or artistic enough to be copyright-protected, see Threshold of originality ^{[42/2004 art. 11 c. 1e]}. Please use {{PD-structure|ITA}} or {{TOO-Italy}} in this case.
• Во ред for objects where the copyright has expired, see General rules above.

Please, tag Italy no-FoP deletion requests: <noinclude>[[Category:Italian FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>.

Note: A de facto exception for works by deceased authors was discussed extensively. It was initially recognized by the Commons community in April 2021, but abandoned again a few months later after this clarifying discussion.

Additional restrictions for cultural heritage assets

Images of public domain landmarks of Italy like Palermo's Teatro Massimo (whose last-surviving architect died in 1897) may be subject to restrictions on commercial use. In a particular case for this building, the courts of Florence and Palermo ruled in 2017 that a bank's use of the image of this public domain building for their advertisement infringes the rights of Teatro Massimo Foundation who exclusively owns the images of the building. (Società Italiana Brevetti S.p.A. article, IPlens article)

In addition to copyright concerns, photos of any cultural heritage asset are generally subject to preemptive authorisation, a fee and other restriction due to the cultural heritage and landscape law which is a non-copyright restriction. The following are considered cultural heritage assets: state-owned things with some artistic, historic, archaeological or ethno-anthropological interest and libraries, galleries, museums and archives collections, unless explicitly removed on a case by case basis; other items declared cultural heritage by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities. The national catalogue of cultural heritage assets is not publicly accessible or does not exist yet. Any artwork or building should be assumed a cultural heritage asset if older than 50 years (or 70 years in some cases since 2017 ^{[42/2004 art. 11 c. 1d]}).

Simplifications were envisioned by law for certain kinds of reproductions ^{[42/2004 art. 108 c. 3-bis]} and collections ^{[36/2006 art. 7]} but are not fully implemented yet as of 2019.

For Wiki Loves Monuments participants, an agreement between the Ministry and Wikimedia has allowed in the past to publish certain photos of cultural heritage assets on Commons, provided that for the ministry-run monuments {{Italy-MiBAC-disclaimer}} is added to the respective file descriptions.

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COM:FOP Yugoslavia

Југославија

The Yugoslav Copyright Act of 1978 provided some form of freedom of panorama provision:

• It is allowed on the territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia without the permission of the author...^{[693/1978 Article 48]}

• reproduction of works of art exhibited on streets and squares, unless the reproduction of a sculptural work is obtained by printing from a mold.^{[693/1978 Article 48.4]}
• reproduction of sculptural and painting works and works of architecture by means of photography in newspapers and magazines, unless the author expressly forbids it.^{[693/1978 Article 48.5]}

The second succeeding paragraph after paragraph 5 of the article governed all exceptions under the article: "In all cases from paragraph 1 of this article, the name and surname of the author of the original work and the origin of the borrowing must be clearly indicated."

The freedom of panorama exception would only be applicable to photographs made during the Yugoslav era. Current photographs, including the uploaders' own photographs, are subject to the FoP rules of the successor states.

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COM:FOP Cyprus

Кипар

Во ред {{FoP-Cyprus}}

The WIPO version of Copyright Laws 1976 to 1993, section 7(2), includes exception (c): "the reproduction and distribution of copies of any artistic work permanently situated in a place where it may be viewed by the public;"

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COM:FOP Kosovo

Косово

Во ред, {{FoP-Kosovo}}.

The freedom of panorama provision of the previous laws, Article 54 of Law No. 2004/45 (2007) and Article 53 of Law No. 04/L-065 (2011), only permitted non-commercial uses of works found in public spaces.

The freedom of panorama provision of the new law (Law No. 08/L-205) is patterned after the European standards:

• It shall be permitted without the consent of the author or other holder of copyright and without payment of remuneration:...use of works, such as works of architecture or sculpture, made to be located permanently in public places.^{[2023 Art.49.1.12]}

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COM:FOP Latvia

Латвија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Lithuania

Литванија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Liechtenstein

Лихтенштајн

Во ред {{FoP-Liechtenstein}}

The 1999 Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, amended 2006, says that works may be depicted when they are permanently located at or on public ground. The depiction may be offered, sold, sent or otherwise distributed. The depiction must not be three-dimensional and not be usable for the same purpose as the original.^{[1999-2006 Art.29]}

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COM:FOP Luxembourg

Луксембург

 Не е во ред {{NoFoP-Luxembourg}} Only incidental inclusion allowed. Under the Law of April 18, 2001 as modified in 2015,

• A copyright holder may not prevent "the reproduction and communication of [his or her] works located in a publicly accessible place, when such works do not constitute the primary subject of the reproduction or communication."^{[4-18-2001 Art.10(7)]}

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COM:FOP North Macedonia

Македонија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Malta

Малта

Во ред for buildings and sculptures. {{FoP-Malta}}

Malta's Copyright Act states that copyright "shall not include the right to authorise or prohibit (…) the inclusion in a communication to the public, the making of a graphic representation and the making of a photograph or film, of a work of architecture or sculpture or similar works made to be located permanently in public places."^{[415/2000-2011 Art. 9(1)(p)]}

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COM:FOP Moldova

Молдавија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Monaco

Монако

 Not OK: Chapitre - III RESTRICTIONS À L'EXERCICE DES DROITS (Chapter - III RESTRICTIONS ON THE EXERCISE OF RIGHTS) does not contain an exception that allows photographic and/or videographic reproductions and commercial publication and/or distribution of images of copyright-protected architecture and artistic works situated in public places.

Il est permis de publier des emprunts faits à des œuvres littéraires ou artistiques, à condition d'en indiquer la source et l'auteur lorsque ces publications ont un caractère scientifique, scolaire ou constituent des chrestomathies.

— in: 491/1948 Art.16

It shall be permissible to publish borrowings made from literary or artistic works, provided that the source and author are indicated where the publications are of a scientific, scholarly or chrestomathic nature.

— Translation of Article 16

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COM:FOP Norway

Норвешка

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COM:FOP United Kingdom

Обединето Кралство

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COM:FOP Poland

Полска

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Portugal

Португалија

Во ред {{FoP-Portugal}} Under the Code of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended up to Decree-Law No. 100/2017 of August 23, 2017),

• It is lawful, without the author's consent, to make the following uses of a work:^{[100/2017 Art.75(2)]} ... use of works, such as works of architecture or sculpture, made to be located permanently in public places;^{[100/2017 Art.75(2.q)]}
• "Use" includes taking a photograph of such a work and publishing it.^{[100/2017 Art.68]}
• However, in conformity with the Berne three-step test, the allowed uses must not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, nor unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder.^{[100/2017 Art.75(4)]}
• Also, "The free uses mentioned in the preceding article [§75] shall be accompanied by the indication, wherever possible, of the name of the author and of the editor, the title of the work and other circumstances that identify them...."^{[100/2017 Art.76(a)]}

According to Portuguese legal scholar Teresa Nobre, "public location" includes public interiors within the context of Portuguese law.

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COM:FOP Romania

Романија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Russia

Русија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP San Marino

Сан Марино

 Не е во ред. There is no provision for freedom of panorama of any sort under San Marino law.

See also: Category:San Marinese FOP cases.

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COM:FOP Free City of Danzig

Слободен Град Гдањск

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Slovakia

Словачка

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Slovenia

Словенија

 Не е во ред Use: {{NoFoP-Slovenia}}. Only non-commercial use allowed. Under the Consolidated Copyright Act as of 2016,

• Works permanently placed in parks, streets, squares or other public places, may be used freely.^{[12/2016 Art.55(1)]}
• The preceding paragraph does not apply to three-dimensional copies made for the same purpose as the original work, or copies made for profit.^{[12/2016 Art.55(2)]}
• The copy should state the source and authorship of the work, if indicated on the work.^{[12/2016 Art.55(3)]}

Во ред for all works whose creators died or published them anonymously or pseudonymously (and have remained anonymous or pseudonymous) in 1953 or earlier.

• Another exception is photographs of photographic and similarly-made works in a public space, and photographs of the works of applied art, which are acceptable for Commons if the original (non-derivative) work was published in 1969 or earlier. The copyright on these works lasted for 25 years from publication per the 1978 Yugoslav copyright act.^{[1978 Art.84]}

In addition to copyright, the usage of the reproductions of "cultural monuments" for commercial purposes is restricted by the Slovenian Cultural Heritage Protection Act, which requires consensus of the owner of the monument for any use of the image and name of the monument (Article 44). The definition of a cultural monument is the following (Article 3): heritage that has been statutorily protected as a monument or entered in the inventory of an authorised museum. For immovable cultural heritage, the national catalog is publicly accessible at gisportal.gov.si. Wikimedia Commons is not required to comply with the Slovenian Cultural Heritage Protection Act because it is hosted in the United States of America. Users who are citizens of Slovenia are warned that they are solely responsible for any possible violation of local laws.

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COM:FOP Soviet Union

Советски Сојуз

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Serbia

Србија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Ukraine

Украина

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Hungary

Унгарија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Faroe Islands

Фарски Острови

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Finland

Финска

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP France

Франција

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Netherlands

Холандија

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COM:FOP Croatia

Хрватска

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COM:FOP Montenegro

Црна Гора

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Czechoslovakia

Чехословачка

The Czechoslovak copyright law (Act No. 35 of March 25, 1965 Concerning Literary, Scientific and Artistic Works) provided an adequate freedom of panorama at Section 15(2)(f): The author’s permission for the use of a work is not required and remuneration need not be paid by a person who...f) imitates a work of art, displayed in public premises, in another field of art, photographs of a thus displayed work of art may be reproduced and distributed also without the author’s permission.

The successor states Czech Republic and Slovakia also provide freedom of panorama; see Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czech Republic#Freedom of panorama and Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovakia#Freedom of panorama for information.

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COM:FOP Czech Republic

Чешка

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Jersey

Џерси

Во ред {{FoP-Jersey}} for buildings, sculptures, works of artistic craftsmanship.

 Не е во ред for other types of artistic work

According to the Intellectual Property (Unregistered Rights) (Jersey) Law 2011, Section 90: Representation of certain artistic works on public display,

• This Article applies to (a) buildings; and (b) sculptures, models for buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[2011 Section 90(1)]}
• The copyright in such a work is not infringed by making a graphic work representing it; making a photograph or film of it; or making a broadcast of a visual image of it.^{[2011 Section 90(2)]}
• Nor is the copyright infringed by anything done in relation to copies of, or the communication to the public of, anything whose making was, by virtue of this Article, not an infringement of the copyright.^{[2011 Section 90(3)]}

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COM:FOP Switzerland

Швајцарија

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Sweden

Шведска

Нема информации на располагање

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COM:FOP Spain

Шпанија

 Unsure

{{FoP-Spain}} Under the the 1996 Intellectual Property Law as amended up to 14 April 2018,

• Works permanently located in parks or on streets, squares or other public tracks and passes may be freely reproduced, distributed and communicated by painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual processes.^{[1/1996-2018 Article 35(2)]}

In 1998, Article 40bis was non retroactively introduced in the law, limiting this exception:

• The above may not be so interpreted that they could be applied in a manner capable of unreasonably prejudicing the legitimate interests of the author or adversely affecting the normal exploitation of the works to which they refer.^{[1/1996-2018 Article 40bis]}

After the introduction of Article 40bis, some Spanish courts have ruled against commercial use of some works situated in public spaces, including Monumento a Los Raqueros and Toro de Osborne. However, in both cases the work had been extracted from its surrounding panorama, and commercialized in that form. In other cases, such as the verdict nº195/2014 from the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid, courts have ruled that works situated in "public areas" can be subject to the exception (that is, they have ruled in favor of freedom of panorama, at least for works situated in "public areas"). According to further analysis, authorization from the copyright holder for commercial use of photographs and derivative and composed works of a copyrighted work, could possibly be necessary when the work is "located in a private property that is accessible to public view or that is not considered a public area". In the case of the Toro de Osborne, the court considered that only cultural uses were allowed by Article 35.2, excluding any kind of commercial use.

Toro de Osborne Case

By decision dated January 31, 2006, the Provincial Court of Seville considered that the commercial use of the figure or silhouette of the Toro de Osborne (originally conceived and designed as a trademarked logo in 1956) through items such as hats, t-shirts, keychains, stickers, postcards, ashtrays, tiles, ceramics, coasters, as well as scaled reproductions of the same, constitutes a criminal infringement of the copyright under Article 270 of the Penal Code, as it involves an "intent to obtain direct or indirect economic benefit" and is carried out "to the detriment of a third party." The Court interpreted the limitation of the panorama exception provided in Article 35(2) of the Intellectual Property Law (LPI) in accordance with the provisions of Article 40 bis of the LPI, stating that: "only the exploitation of the same with a strict or predominantly cultural dimension has been allowed, and any use of the same without its consent (from the owner) that exceeds the aforementioned purpose must be understood as unauthorized.".

Raqueros Case

By decision dated April 5, 2006, the Provincial Court of Cantabria, decided that a sculptural ensemble known as the "Grupo de Raqueros", permanently installed in a public thoroughfare (Paseo Marítimo), commissioned by the Government of Cantabria or by the Santander City Council, is reproduced in an acrylic based material, intended for public sale as tourist souvenirs. According to the decision, the author keeps the exploitation rights over it, and the Provincial Court of Cantabria ordered some of the defendants to compensate the author for moral and economic damages, due to the distribution of unauthorized reproductions.

Refer to this discussion for more information. Spanish Wikimedian MarcoAurelio provides an insight on the situation of the Spanish freedom of panorama.

See also: Category:Spanish FOP cases.