English subtitles for clip: File:Are criminals born or made.webm

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what drives someone to commit a violent

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crime is the person born bad or raised

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to be this way are criminals born or

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made

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this is the university of the

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netherlands

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i'm going to tell you the story of

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joseph he was only 10 years old when he

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shot and killed his father how could a

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child ever do something so violent

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in this case the answer seems quite

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simple he was raised around hate and

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violence

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his father was a rising star among white

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supremacists in the united states

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according to court records the father

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used methamphetamines and alcohol

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throughout joseph's life

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he kept loaded weapons in easy reach of

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the children strewn around the house

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he was abusive towards joseph and his

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stepmother

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but that's not the whole story

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you see joseph's life was problematic

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before he was born

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his exposure to drugs and alcohol began

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in the womb when his mother while

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pregnant consumed heroin meth lsd

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marijuana and alcohol

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he had pervasive adhd and low average

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intelligence at school he had a hard

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time sitting still and repeatedly

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through violent temper tantrums and was

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violent towards his classmates and

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teachers

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he changed school six times before his

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father and stepmother decided to

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homeschool him

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so was joseph born violent and prone to

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become a criminal or made one as a

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result of his environment

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in this lecture we'll explore what

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contributes to making a criminal

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now to be honest have you ever stolen

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anything or done something you shouldn't

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have you probably have most of us have

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when i was much younger i was involved

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in petty vandalism and theft

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surprisingly research shows the criminal

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behavior among adolescents is actually

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normal and very common

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at around the age of 12 or 13 you start

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becoming involved in anti-social

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behavior pulling pranks and maybe even

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stealing something small from a

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supermarket or candy store

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this behavior is peer influenced and

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usually stops at early adulthood

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the outliers are actually those that

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abstain completely from breaking the

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rules

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there's another group of offenders

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outliers who begin to show problematic

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behavior at an early age around the age

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of three

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these individuals if left untreated may

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grow up to commit criminal offenses

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throughout their lives they commit

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frequent diverse and often serious

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crimes like armed robbery sexual assault

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and homicide

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as you can tell crime describes many

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behaviors

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today we're focusing on why people

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resort to violent crime

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if we measure these two diverse groups

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the ones who never commit a crime the

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abstainers and the frequent serious

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offenders on personality traits we see

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that they're polar opposites

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this gives us insight into common traits

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of criminals

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criminals prefer to rebel instead of

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conforming to the rules they have low

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self-control and they behave impulsively

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rather than cautiously

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they're more likely to take advantage of

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others it doesn't take much for them to

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feel betrayed and used by their friends

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and they become easily upset and

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irritable

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obviously if you exhibit any of these

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traits that doesn't automatically make

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you a hardcore criminal it's just one

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piece of the puzzle

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so let's look at a few other pieces

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starting with how people are socialized

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to become criminals in other words let's

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start with the nurture part of the

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age-old nature versus nurture question

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to investigate further how people's past

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can lead to criminal behavior we look at

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martin

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martin is a fictional character i

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created based upon what we know from

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research about violent criminals

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this specific offender might not be real

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but prisons all over the world are

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filled with people just like him

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martin is a 17 year old male who robbed

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and stabbed his victim when the victim

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refused to hand over cash and car keys

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what would you say is the appropriate

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punishment or intervention in this case

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you could argue that martin acted on his

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own free will

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he might have simply weighed the

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criminal gains against the cost and risk

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of getting caught

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we should punish him but for punishment

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to be effective it should be certain

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swift and severe but proportional to the

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crime it should prevent not only our

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perpetrator from committing another

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crime but should also send a message to

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others in the community that crime does

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not pay and will result in punishment

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many sentences are given based on this

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idea you might agree with this type line

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of thinking but you could change your

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mind when you learn about martin's life

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after martin was born his mother living

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in poverty suffered from depression

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due to her mental illness she rejected

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him and was incapable of taking care of

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him

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throughout the first three years of his

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life he was under the care of child

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protective services and placed in an

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institution and then moved to various

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foster families

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this failure to bond with a caring

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parent has been linked to later

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involvement in criminal behavior

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martin was returned to his mother at age

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four and suffered physical and sexual

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abuse by his mother and a number of her

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boyfriends

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those who have been physically abused in

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the first five years of life like our

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perpetrator are at greater risk of

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developing violent and criminal behavior

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children that grow up in households

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where violence is frequent and normal

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learn that aggression is a valid way to

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deal with problems and frustration

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they may grow up with poor role models

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and copy this behavior as they get older

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our perpetrator performed poorly in

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school and had to repeat a year

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he left school without a diploma in part

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because he reported being rejected by

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most of his peers throughout his teens

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he was a bit of a loner you might say

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until he met a group of older boys at

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the corner bar and began hanging out

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with them

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it was then and through them that he

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became involved with drugs

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martin says that his drug addiction was

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ultimately the reason for committing the

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robbery

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this developmental pathway into violence

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can be explained by what professor of

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psychology and neuroscience kenneth

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dodge calls the dynamic cascade model

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this model describes the pathway to

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violence like slowly accelerating

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towards a waterfall until you finally

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slide over the edge

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so martin was born into a bad

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environment with neglectful parents

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this predicts social and cognitive

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problems we see in later life like

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trouble learning and eventual academic

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failure

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his mother wasn't around to supervise

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him and all this pushed him towards the

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wrong kind of people which ultimately

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led to violence and criminal behavior

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martin's actions were clearly wrong and

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he is still responsible for them but now

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we understand better how he came to be

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the way he is

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the sliding delinquency the dodge

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describes can start even earlier than

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childhood we already know that drug

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abuse high stress and poor health during

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pregnancy has a negative impact on the

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intelligence and temperament of the baby

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as we've seen was the case with joseph

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the same was true for martin

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but we can look even further back than

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the prenatal period

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studies have pointed to the influence of

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a particular genotype on aggressive

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behavior

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it's been dubbed the warrior gene

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in and of itself the gene will not

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predispose one to violent behavior

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but when coupled with a negative

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environment in which children are

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exposed to maltreatment a pattern

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emerges

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severely maltreated boys with the

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genotype

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were more likely to exhibit

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so-called antisocial behavior than those

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with the gene who suffered little or no

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abuse

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does this influence your understanding

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of how martin came to rob and stab his

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victim

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knowing all this how harshly would you

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sentence him

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it's not very helpful really to look at

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nature or nurture as two segments or two

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separate causes of crime

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that's why we look at crime through a

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biosocial lens

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biosocial criminologists borrow from a

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variety of disciplines including biology

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genetics

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neuroscience sociology and psychology

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they tell us that the interaction

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between biological predisposition to

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aggression and a negative environment is

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the strongest predictor of violence

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martin was exposed to multiple risk

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factors both biological and social

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environmental

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so how do these factors play a role in

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the type of criminal we've all heard of

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and are fascinated by psychopathic

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killers

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psychopaths are involved in all forms of

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crime especially crimes of violence

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you're probably thinking of serial

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killers like ted bundy

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he was considered handsome charismatic

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smart and hard-working but he used those

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traits to manipulate kidnap and murder

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dozens of young women

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bundy manifested what

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forensic psychologist robert d hair

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called the psychopathic traits

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psychopaths tend to be charming and

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verbally fluent yet cold and calculated

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the type you often see in hollywood

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movies or netflix films

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these individuals barely feel any

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empathy but they understand how emotions

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work and how they can use this knowledge

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to manipulate others

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how does someone become a psychopath and

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what did their childhoods look like the

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same risk factors that we saw earlier

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are in play but these individuals

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usually also have a neurophysiological

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basis for psychopathy

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they barely respond physically to fear

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which may disrupt the formation of guilt

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conscience or fear of punishment

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this coupled with negative social

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factors can produce psychopathy

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criminal psychopaths in this form of

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extremely violent offenders the bundy

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type make up a tiny fraction of the

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population and serial killers are

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extremely rare so it's highly unlikely

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that you will ever encounter a ted bundy

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given everything that can go wrong in a

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person's life you might feel like some

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individuals almost doomed to end up as

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criminals

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so should we just give up on these

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people of course not

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what we can do is identify risk factors

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or problematic domains in the child's

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life so that we can intervene

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appropriately and in a timely fashion

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we can already observe problematic

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behavior at the age of three

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if we can intervene at an early age we

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might be able to get these kids back on

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track

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you could look for high risk soon to be

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possibly young single mothers that are

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struggling or abusing substances during

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pregnancy

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it can be as simple as educating these

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mothers about the effects of cigarettes

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alcohol or drugs and what these effects

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have on their baby

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it seems like common knowledge but

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sometimes parents don't fully understand

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the impact these contaminants can have

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on the cognitive development of their

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unborn child

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we would like to believe that every

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parent wants his or her child to do well

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in school and get a good start in life

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once the child is born we then have to

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give the parents the tools to properly

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raise the child

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dodge's second risk domain is early

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harsh parenting

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have you ever seen the show super nanny

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we can take a similar approach we can

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send someone into the home to teach

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young parents good parenting skills

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that person can offer tools to help deal

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with out of control children without

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resorting to violence

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children coming from socially deprived

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neighborhoods could be provided with

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breakfasts children can think and

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function better when eating properly

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due to many reasons inability to provide

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meals for their children or lack of

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understanding about the importance of

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nutrition parents might not supply their

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children with breakfast

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they send that child to school the child

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can't stay awake and can't function or

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remember what it's being taught the

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child might become frustrated and more

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irritable

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school performance suffers peer

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rejection or bullying may follow this

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can quickly become our downward spiral

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we don't usually consider free school

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breakfast or behavioral parent training

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to be a crime prevention program but

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they are

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they're programs that will ultimately

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contribute to the health and well-being

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of these children and improve the

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quality of the relationship of the child

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with the parents

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these simple measures may protect

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children from pathways into crime

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once individuals start on these pathways

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into frequent and serious offending

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measures become more complex more

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expensive and more time-consuming and

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once individuals start down a pathway to

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crime it becomes more difficult to break

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the pattern

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it is essential that interventions start

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early

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so

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is it nature or nurture

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are criminals born or made

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it seems clear that you can never really

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point at one thing such as genetics

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abuse drugs

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poor maternal bonding

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problematic parenting or peer influence

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and say that's why this person became a

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criminal

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there are so many risk factors that

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appear and influence us at different

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times in our lives

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we need to be compassionate and offer

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help to struggling parents and their

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children

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but these programs need to be well

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researched and participants must be

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matched to the program designed to meet

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their needs there's no

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one-size-fits-all approach

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programs may have to be tailor-made for

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a specific group or even for a specific

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individual

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what works well for the local population

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might not work with immigrant families

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what works well with males might not be

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applicable to females there isn't a fix

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all solution to breaking the cycle of

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violence

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still as you've seen providing families

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with something as simple as free

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breakfast can make a huge difference

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thank you so much for watching

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[Music]

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you