File:Direct-visualization-of-hemolymph-flow-in-the-heart-of-a-grasshopper-(Schistocerca-americana)-1472-6793-9-2-S2.ogv

English: Typical hemolymph flow in the heart of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana I. Movie depicts the grasshopper's 3rd abdominal segment in lateral view, with dorsal oriented upward and anterior to the right. Field of view is 1.3 × 0.9 mm. The dorsal edge of the abdomen can be seen at the top. The diagonal line in the lower left corner is a margin of the x-ray transparent Kapton tube. In this video, bubbles can be seen in three locations: within the perivisceral sinus, collected en masse and abutting the dorsal diaphragm (lower third of image); within the heart, moving rapidly left and right; and surrounding the heart in the pericardial sinus, either static or moving less rapidly than within the heart. The dorsal diaphragm moves dorsoventrally in association with heartbeat. A main tracheal trunk running antero-posteriorly is also compressed in association with these movements, but not strictly so. Within the heart, flow is complex and non-uniform, as evidenced by the trajectories of the bubbles. There is net transport of the hemolymph anteriorly, but the bubbles can be seen moving posteriorly as well. Additionally, vortical trajectories of bubbles can be seen. Due to bubble buoyancy, most bubble trajectories in the heart occur in dorsal margin.