File:Пизаура удивительная - Pisaura mirabilis - Nursery Web spider - Listspinne, паутинный купол - dome-shaped web (23001104780).jpg
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DescriptionПизаура удивительная - Pisaura mirabilis - Nursery Web spider - Listspinne, паутинный купол - dome-shaped web (23001104780).jpg |
Пизаура удивительная - пауки, которые обитают во всей Европе, в Турции и на Ближнем Востоке, кроме того, реже, в умеренных областях Азии и Северной Африки. Вид получил широкую известность благодаря своему репродуктивному поведению. Характерный элемент брачного ритуала у пауков-пизаурид — преподнесение самке «свадебного подарка»: добычи-угощения, завёрнутой в паутинный кокон. Пока самка занимается подарком, самец оплодотворяет её. Но не все самцы честно выполняют ритуал с брачным подарком: иногда они приносят самке совершенно несъедобные предметы, завёрнутые в паутину. В качестве таких обманок может выступать, например, пустая оболочка насекомого или кусочек растения. Предыдущие исследования показали, что только 62% пизаурид дарят настоящие брачные подарки, остальные 38% предпочитают обманывать невест. У пауков Mirabilis Pisaura во время ухаживания также наблюдается явление thanatosis (танатоз, притворная смерть, рефлекторная неподвижность). В поведении животных, thanatosis (от греческого существительного thanatos, смерть) - это процесс, при котором животное симулирует смерть, чтобы уклониться от нежелательного внимания. Это может происходить по разным причинам, например, когда добыча уклоняется от хищника, самец пытается спариться с самкой, или хищник пытается заманить потенциальную добычу ближе. На протяжении совокупления самец Mirabilis Pisaura держит ногу на подарке, чтобы быть готовым, если самка попытается сбежать с подарком или атаковать самца. В это время самец может симулировать смерть - его конечности становятся прямыми и он падает рядом с самкой, при этом удерживая подарок. Когда самка останавливается, самец медленно "воскресает" и продолжает попытки к спариванию. Отложенные яйца самка носит с собой в коконе, а примерно через 2 недели сплетает паутинный купол, помещает туда кокон, и стоит возле купола на страже. Из-за такой заботы о потомстве пизауриды получили прозвище пауки-няньки (Nursery). The nursery web spider, Pisaura mirabilis, is present in all Europe, in Turkey and in Middle East, besides, less common, in the temperate regions of Asia and of North Africa. Has been gaining popularity because of their reproductive behavior. During their second year, male spiders search and compete for mates and present them with a nuptial gift. During the mating the female eats the gift and the male inserts special organs called pedipalp, which transfers the sperm. In the wild, previous research has found that about 62 percent of gifts from male nursery web spiders contained fresh prey, while the rest, 38 percent, contained empty insect husks. Some Pisaura mirabilis have also been observed to use thanatosis during courtship. In animal behaviour, thanatosis (from the Greek noun meaning "putting to death") is the process by which an animal feigns death in order to evade unwelcome attention. It can be for various reasons, such as that of a prey evading a predator, a male trying to mate with a female, or a predator trying to lure potential prey closer. Throughout copulation the male keeps a leg on the gift so as to be ready if she tries to escape with it or attack him. At this time the male may feign death – his limbs become straight and he is dragged along with the female while holding on to the gift. When the female stops the male will slowly "resurrect" and continue attempting to mate.The female, some time after the coupling, builds up, in fact, an ovisac of about 1 cm full of fecundated eggs and carries it keeping it under her body. After about two weeks, the female fixes the sac to the vegetation and weaves around it, as protection, a dome-shaped web of about 5 cm of diameter, then opens partially the sac and stands guard on the dome for surveying the development. |
Date | |
Source | Пизаура удивительная / Pisaura mirabilis / Nursery Web spider / Listspinne, паутинный купол / dome-shaped web |
Author | Katya from Moscow, Russia |
Camera location | 42° 18′ 14.08″ N, 27° 45′ 04.04″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 42.303912; 27.751121 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by katunchik at https://flickr.com/photos/12090392@N02/23001104780. It was reviewed on 8 December 2015 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
8 December 2015
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current | 12:50, 8 December 2015 | 2,800 × 1,909 (4.83 MB) | Josve05a (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | RICOH IMAGING COMPANY, LTD. |
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Camera model | PENTAX K-S2 |
Exposure time | 1/200 sec (0.005) |
F-number | f/6.3 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:04, 18 October 2015 |
Lens focal length | 75 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Windows) |
File change date and time | 18:42, 23 November 2015 |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:04, 18 October 2015 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.643856 |
APEX aperture | 5.310704 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 112 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Macro |
Lens used | TAMRON SP AF 28-75mm F2.8 XR Di |
Rating (out of 5) | 0 |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:42, 23 November 2015 |
Unique ID of original document | 7C6AD7CD2C2C8582EE37BC6150497EB8 |
IIM version | 32,574 |