File:Обыкновенная каменка (Северная каменка) - Oenanthe oenanthe - Northern Wheatear - Сиво каменарче - Steinschmätzer (24371689515).jpg
Original file (1,200 × 826 pixels, file size: 1.02 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary[edit]
DescriptionОбыкновенная каменка (Северная каменка) - Oenanthe oenanthe - Northern Wheatear - Сиво каменарче - Steinschmätzer (24371689515).jpg |
Northern wheatears have one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world – they breed over a huge area of the Arctic, in eastern Canada, Greenland, Eurasia and Alaska. But the birds are made up of two separate subspecies that appear never to meet. One subspecies breeds in eastern Canada, Greenland and Iceland, while the other uses Eurasia and Alaska. And despite sporadic reports of sightings in North America, nobody has ever seen either subspecies spending the winter in the Americas, even though this might seem the obvious choice for Alaskan wheatears, there had been sightings of birds in the Pakistan, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Scientists had an idea that all wheatears from across the Arctic somehow make their way to Africa. so to test these ideas, they decided to use miniature light-recording devices called geolocators to track wheatears migrating to Africa from the Arctic. These devices – developed at the British Antarctic Survey - weigh just 1.2 grams and, including attachments, make up about six per cent of an adult bird's body weight. rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505 The researchers found that the birds take between two and three months to get from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to sub-Saharan Africa. They found that Alaskan wheatears fly overland to eastern Africa to spend the winter there, covering about 13,500 kilometres (8388 miles). But birds from eastern Canada and Greenland cover around 3500 kilometres (2174 miles) getting to western Europe, grappling with the stormy north Atlantic on the way, before making their way to Africa. And even though they weigh just 25 grams – slightly more than a robin – they cover an incredible 290 kilometres (180 miles) every day. Migration map: dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F... Северные каменки населяют крупнейший регион - они размножаются на огромном пространстве Арктики, на востоке Канады, в Гренландии, Евразии, Аляске. Но птицы состоят из двух отдельных подвидов, которые никогда не встречаются. Один подвид гнездится в восточной Канаде, Гренландии и Исландии, в то время как другой использует Евразию и Аляску. И, несмотря на отдельные сообщения о наблюдениях в Северной Америке, никто и никогда не видел как каменки зимуют в Северной и Южной Америке, хотя это может показаться очевидным выбором для каменок с Аляски. Каменок также наблюдали в Пакистане, Иране и на Аравийском полуострове, и у ученых были предположения, что птицы с Аляски мигрируют так далеко, как в Африку. Для проверки предположения о том, что каменки со всей Арктики стремятся в Африку в 2012 году ученые проследили пути миграции северной каменки и обнаружили, что эта маленькая певчая птица весом всего 25 грамм имеет самый долгий миграционный путь на зимовку. rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505 Используя прикрепленные к лапкам обыкновенных каменок миниатюрные геолокаторы весом 1,2 грамма (6% от веса птицы), ученые установили, что каменки с Аляски летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, восточная часть, над сушей над Сибирью, Кенией и Суданом, преодолевая около 13 500 километров (8388 миль). Каменки из Восточной Канады и Гренландии летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, западная часть, пересекая на пути бурную северную Атлантику, через Западную Европу, преодолевая около 3 500 километров (2174 миль). Исследователи обнаружили, что миграция птиц от мест их размножения в Арктике до Африки южнее Сахары длится от двух до трех месяцев (полет из Африки до Аляски занимает примерно 91 день). Скорость миграции составляет до 290 км/день. Карта миграции: dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F... |
Date | |
Source | Обыкновенная каменка (Северная каменка) / Oenanthe oenanthe / Northern Wheatear / Сиво каменарче / Steinschmätzer |
Author | Katya from Moscow, Russia |
Camera location | 42° 17′ 57″ N, 27° 45′ 00.87″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 42.299166; 27.750241 |
---|
Licensing[edit]
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.
This image was originally posted to Flickr by katunchik at https://flickr.com/photos/12090392@N02/24371689515. It was reviewed on 14 February 2016 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
14 February 2016
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 09:50, 14 February 2016 | 1,200 × 826 (1.02 MB) | Laveol (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | RICOH IMAGING COMPANY, LTD. |
---|---|
Camera model | PENTAX K-S2 |
Exposure time | 1/160 sec (0.00625) |
F-number | f/6.3 |
ISO speed rating | 100 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:36, 27 September 2015 |
Lens focal length | 300 mm |
Width | 5,472 px |
Height | 3,648 px |
Bits per component |
|
Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Windows) |
File change date and time | 16:09, 13 January 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Shutter priority |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:36, 27 September 2015 |
Meaning of each component |
|
APEX shutter speed | 7.321928 |
APEX aperture | 5.310704 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 450 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Distant view |
GPS tag version | 0.0.3.2 |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:09, 13 January 2016 |
Unique ID of original document | 6B152BB5313B4BF7A7421B2CC2A57CFC |
IIM version | 17,554 |