File:The Americana; a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world (1908) (14596377928).jpg

Identifier: americanaunivers14newy (find matches)
Title: The Americana; a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world
Year: 1908 (1900s)
Authors:
Subjects: Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Publisher: New York : Scientific American Compiling Dept.
Contributing Library: University of California Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Internet Archive

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said that eachvariety of steel has a certain appearance onbreaking, or fracture, and the finer the fracture,as a rule, the better the condition of the metal.The structure, however, varies greatly with theheat treatment undergone. Thus high-carbonsteel is made coarse by overheating and thequality of the metal is much impaired. Thiscoarseness of grain may be removed by properreheating, or, if the metal was so overheatedthat it is said to be burned, by mechanicaltreatment, that is rolling, pressing, or hammer-ing. Methods of Manufacture.— See Steel, Man-ufacture OF. Production.— The United States, Germanyand Great Britain together produced in 1902fully 82 per cent of the total production of theworld. The United States, with its great sup-plies of low phosphorous ores in the Lake Su-perior district, easily leads in the productionof Bessemer steel by the acid process, whileGermany, relying on the high phosphorous oresof Lorraine and Luxemburg, leads in the pro- STEEl. BRIDCE lUIlDlNC.
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Ki\i:iixG A MASsivi-: ,5 rox ciioRii si.criox ox iikiix;)-: at niiiU.s. ii.i STEEL —THE BESSEMER PROCESS duction of basic Bessemer steel. The figuresfor 1902 are, in tons of 2,240 pounds: The story of how Bessemer came to makehis discovery reads like a novel of intense inter- Bessemeracid Bessemerbasic Open hearthacid Open hearth basic Crucible, eic. Unitcil Slates 375.7781,157,180 4.868.885668,599 1,191,196 U3.933 1,676.508 4.496.533 3,277.598 406,780 135,000 CJre.it IJritain 113,000 The German returns do not give the pro-duction of crucible steel. The countries thatmade over 1,000.000 metric tons of steel in igo2are in order: United States, 15,186,406; Ger-many, 7,780,682; Great Britain, 5,102,420; Rus-sia, 1,730.250; France, 1,635.300; Austria-Hun-gary, 1,143.900. See Iron .and Steel Industry;Steel, M.vnlfactlre of. Bibliograthv.— Howe, Metallurgy of Steel>(1893) and iron, Steel, and Other Alloys(1903); Campbell, Metallurgy of Iron andSteel (1903) ; Hiorns, Steel and Iron fo

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