File:Ancient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva (26397055692).jpg
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DescriptionAncient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva (26397055692).jpg |
ancient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, Patriarch Grove, White Mountains, Inyo National Forest, elevation 3465 m (11360 ft). Also visible is whitestem goldenbush (Ericameria discoidea). This species is found only at high elevations of dry, isolated, sky-island mountain ranges in the Great Basin of western North America, usually with a preference for nutrient-poor carbonate soils and outcrops, like at this location. Besides reducing competition and available fuel for fires, these severe conditions force very slow growth rates that result in dense, resinous, disease-resistant and highly durable wood. Currently the oldest living individuals are known from here in the White Mountains of eastern California, where the oldest was reported to be 5062 years old as of 2012. Over this much time, roots become exposed by slow natural erosion, even in this relatively dry cold desert environment, and many branches die, resulting in the picturesque forms of many older trees. Even after death, standing and fallen wood lasts for thousands of years more, and has helped to reconstruct an unbroken tree ring record of climatic variation going back over 9,000 years. This is long enough that the wood of ancient bristlecone pines has been used to help calibrate the Carbon-14 dating process. |
Date | |
Source | ancient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva |
Author | Jim Morefield from Nevada, USA |
Camera location | 37° 31′ 37.06″ N, 118° 11′ 38.22″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 37.526961; -118.193950 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Jim Morefield at https://flickr.com/photos/127605180@N04/26397055692 (archive). It was reviewed on 29 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
29 December 2019
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 03:18, 29 December 2019 | 3,648 × 2,736 (6.79 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Image title | ancient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, Patriarch Grove, White Mountains, Inyo National Forest, elevation 3465 m (11360 ft) |
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Camera manufacturer | OLYMPUS IMAGING CORP. |
Camera model | E-510 |
Author | Camera owner, James D. Morefield; Photographer, James D. Morefield; Image creator, James D. Morefield |
User comments | ancient bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, Patriarch Grove, White Mountains, Inyo National Forest, elevation 3465 m (11360 ft) |
Date and time of data generation | 09:52, 16 August 2015 |
Exposure time | 1/80 sec (0.0125) |
F-number | f/22 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Lens focal length | 29 mm |
Latitude | 37° 31′ 37.06″ N |
Longitude | 118° 11′ 38.22″ W |
Altitude | 3,462.528 meters above sea level |
Width | 3,648 px |
Height | 2,736 px |
Horizontal resolution | 314 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 314 dpi |
Orientation | Normal |
Subsampling ratio of Y to C | 2 |
File change date and time | 09:52, 16 August 2015 |
Software used | PaintShop Pro 14.00 |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Meaning of each component |
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Date and time of digitizing | 09:52, 16 August 2015 |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.61328125 APEX (f/3.5) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Soft |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Soft |
GPS time (atomic clock) | 16:52 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 247.5 |
Geodetic survey data used | WGS 1984 |
GPS date | 16 August 2015 |
GPS tag version | 0.0.3.2 |