File:An Iupiter Ammon.jpg

"Figure 2. Jupiter Amun? Length: 4 in.

"§ II. JOVE, among his various epithets (regarding which Havrechus says quite enough), was on occasion given to be called by Amun, which is said to have been caused by this: "Jupiter under the aspect of Ram worship in Libya, so called because to the thirsty Liber Pater imploring Jove in the wastes of Arabia he appeared in the form of a Ram and, striking the earth, with his feet revealed a spring. Therefore, he built a Temple there. He consecrated it to Jove Amun (i.e., the Sandy One)." This according to Nicholas Lloyd. But leaving aside this rubbish and sailor's tales so that I may bring out something more sane, others are of the opinion that the son of Noah called Ham, whose descendants were the worshippers of Libya, was worshipped thus by the name of Hammon or Amun for God, as was the custom in many nations, and this insight of our Gerrit Vos and Thomas Fuller is seen by me as most likely. Jupiter however—as is clear from Macrobius—was thought to be the Sun and, as with the insignia of Rays here, so with Horns there. And this is the Story of Jove Amun.

"Concerning this Horned Jove, Lucan says,

"It is possible (says Anton Borremans) that Jupiter was called the Horned One from Mithras, bearing a Horned Head, which was in use by the Priests of Amun. The image of Jove Amun in the Penates has a curved Horn and indeed a unique one, which is seen by some to suffice as evidence of his identity. Nevertheless I offer it (hepékhō)."

Notes: "To the Most Noble Prince Frederick, the destined Royal Heir, Great Britain's hope, Delight, and most yearned for Spirit, son of the Most High George and grandson of the Most August George, William Musgrave, Fellow (?) of Exeter College, Oxford, of his own will and in Obedience to his Oath wished these here Penates, hidden by the Earth for 1500 years, to be dedicated.

"These Penates [found] by William Cadby, Gardener at Devizes, engraved on Brass and printed on Imperial Paper, are available for sale at the Booksellers Knapton in London, Clements in Oxford, and Yeo in Exeter. 1717."

Excerpt from Musgrave's 1st illustration of the Southbroom Hoard discovered outside Devizes, Wiltshire, in 1714. The statues of Venus and Vulcan are now lost, but the others are held by the British Museum. Listed as figure #373 in Durham. Its actual height is 12.8 cm or 5 inches. This copper alloy statue (B.M. 1811,0309.1 and displayed as G49/dc15) was inexplicably identified by Musgrave as possibly Jupiter Amun, taking the curved hat as a single twisted horn. The general pose prompted the British Museum and Durham to very tentatively identify the figure as Mars, although the Phrygian cap is closer to the iconography of Jupiter Dolichenus and the cap, pose, and torch attribute in the left hand is very similar to Mithras the Rock-Born. In other statues of Mithras Petrogene or Petrogenes, the missing right hand would typically be holding a wide Iranian knife. The deep straight pleats of the skirt match those in other Romano-British sculpture.

See also:

• British Museum, "Figure 1811,0309.1", displayed as G49/dc15.
• Emma Durham, "Depicting the Gods: Metal Figurines in Roman Britain", Internet Archaeology, No. 31, 2012
• Emma Durham, "Style and Substance: Some Metal Figurines from South-West Britain", Britannia, No. 45, November 2014, pp. 195–221.