File:A Bermuda Triangle of insults leads to neurondeath in Parkinsons Disease.jpg
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels. Other resolutions: 320 × 240 pixels | 640 × 480 pixels | 1,024 × 768 pixels | 1,200 × 900 pixels.
Original file (1,200 × 900 pixels, file size: 219 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
File information
Structured data
Captions
DescriptionA Bermuda Triangle of insults leads to neurondeath in Parkinsons Disease.jpg |
English: A "Bermuda Triangle" of insults leads to neurondeath in PD. Known risk factors for the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) include environmental (green), genetic (purple), and endogenous (blue) influences. Contributions from these risk factors trigger oxidative modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein degradation that together form a "Bermuda triangle" of interrelated molecular events that underlie neurodegeneration. The interactions between these pathways are supported by the following (for details and citations, please refer to text): (1) Disturbances in mitochondrial respiration generate reactive oxygen species. (2) Overexpression of SOD is protective against mitochondrial toxins. (3) NOS deficiency or inhibition attenuates MPTP, paraquat, and rotenone toxicity. (4) Inhibition of degradation systems leads to increased sensitivity to oxidative stressors. (5) Impaired degradation leads to an accumulation of substrates, increasing the probability for oxidative modifications. (6) Excessive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species modifies proteins, leading to inactivation, crosslinking, and aggregation. (7) α-Synuclein modified by oxidized dopamine impedes CMA. (8) Oxidative modifications modify the lysosomal membrane and crosslink membrane proteins. (9) UPS and CMA are not able to unfold and remove oxidatively proteins. (10) Oxidative modification of proteasome subunits inhibits UPS function. (11) Macroautophagy is the principle mechanism for the degradation of damaged mitochondria. (12) Proteasome inhibition increases mitochondrial reactive species generation and decreases complex I and II activity. Malkus et al. Molecular Neurodegeneration 2009 4:24 doi:10.1186/1750-1326-4-24 |
Date | |
Source | Oxidative modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein degradation in Parkinson's disease: how neurons are lost in the Bermuda triangle |
Author | Malkus KA, Tsika E, Ischiropoulos H. |
Permission (Reusing this file) |
© 2009 Malkus et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 13:46, 28 August 2009 | 1,200 × 900 (219 KB) | CopperKettle (talk | contribs) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=A "Bermuda Triangle" of insults leads to neurondeath in PD. Known risk factors for the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) include environmental (green), genetic (purple), and endogenous (blue) influences. Contributions fro |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
File usage on other wikis
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on en.wikipedia.org
Structured data
Items portrayed in this file
depicts
2009
image/jpeg
bc932aa14424cb1abba3d92eed6840a5bdcd243c
224,670 byte
900 pixel
1,200 pixel
Hidden categories: